Greening Underserved Schools while Preventing Floods in Chicago

Images source: Space to Grow Program – Grissom Elementary School

Space to Grow Program

Since 2013, the Space to Grow program in Chicago has transformed over 36 schoolyards, with 5 more currently under construction, serving more than 36,000 students, families, and community members in under-served neighbourhoods with greenery and green stormwater infrastructure. 

“When mandated recess was brought back to schools in Chicago in 2011, communities noted that the schoolyards where children played were neither safe, nor healthy. Many schoolyards had broken equipment and asphalt-dominant grounds, along with flooding issues in nearby neighbourhoods.”
Emily Zhang
Space to Grow Project Manager at the Healthy Schools Campaign

The Space to Grow program was established that year when two non-profit organizations partnered with Chicago Public Schools and two public water agencies to transform schoolyards in under-resourced neighbourhoods into green oases that reduce flooding.

“The Space to Grow program prioritizes historically disinvested and underserved areas in Chicago,” explained Zhang. “These communities have been shaped by historic policies that systematically restricted public investment in communities of color.”

Multi-Sectoral Collaboration

The Space to Grow program operates through a collaboration between the non-profit organizations, the Healthy Schools Campaign and Openlands, along with three public agencies, the Chicago Public Schools, the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, and the Chicago Department of Water Management.

Each partner organization has its own goals. The two water agencies are working to  reduce the risk of floods and protect water quality in the city. Chicago Public Schools aims to provide safe and welcoming schoolyards for its students and their families. Openlands is dedicated to connecting people with nature and greening urban areas.  And the Healthy School Campaign seeks to address systemic barriers; to provide children in under-resourced neighbourhoods with safe and vibrant outdoor spaces that support health and well-being. 

“Through our aligned goals, we work together to redesign and revitalize outdoor school spaces. The non-profit organizations coordinate work between the partners, facilitate community engagement on all elements of the work, and provide technical assistance and educational programming to schools. The public agencies provide leadership, expertise,and funding for the design and construction of the schoolyards. Funding from the two water agencies is guided by each schoolyard’s potential to reduce stormwater runoff through green infrastructure,” Zhang explained.

Images source: Space to Grow Program – Nathan S. Davis Elementary School

Green Infrastructure and Green Space 

Space to Grow uses green stormwater infrastructure, systems and features that incorporate or mimic nature-based solutions to capture stormwater on-site and reduce sewer system strain.  Chamber systems are installed below the surface to catch water on schoolyards.  Asphalt is replaced with permeable surfaces, native plants, rain gardens, and bioswales to absorb and filter stormwater.

These measures offer significant benefits for flood prevention.  At Grissom Elementary School, for example, it was estimated that the project would entirely eliminate runoff volume and remove nearly all pollutants from the water for over 99% of all storms. 

The infrastructure and landscaping design for each schoolyard is informed by the needs of the students and the surrounding community. 

”At our recent renovation at Brown Community Academy, the schoolyard design had to support students from pre-kindergarten to grade 8, so we wanted to ensure that there were spaces for different activities and sports, while also integrating a nearby rain garden to absorb water,” said Zhang. 

The community design process identified key priorities for the school, including creating opportunities for outdoor learning, nature play, and growing food. 

“We transformed a courtyard space into a nature play area and an outdoor classroom, and we added raised planters and edible garden beds,” said Zhang. 

“Partners at Loyola University and the University of California’s Nutrition Policy Institute have done studies around the use of renovated schoolyards and have seen an increase in the use of physical space across genders and all age groups and found that these schoolyards promote a more positive relationship between the schools and community,” explained Zhang.

Engaging the Community 

Space to Grow uses a participatory approach so the community is involved at every stage of their schoolyard’s transformation.  

“Once a school is selected, we begin with a planning process that includes meetings with school leaders, parents and caregivers and neighbours,” explained Zhang. “We also help form a Space to Grow Committee for each schoolyard that includes trusted messengers from the community who can communicate with various stakeholders.”

“Trusted community members are the best messengers,” said Zhang. “Committee members with strong local networks help ensure that the school community feels heard and stays informed.”

During the planning phase, students and community members share what they want from their schoolyards.  Landscape architects and engineers, who participate in these meetings, translate the community’s visions into schematic designs.  Ongoing workshops allow designers to get real-time feedback from community members before finalizing a design.

“The design team is involved in every conversation with community members,” explained Zhang. “This project is not just about us relaying information about the schoolyards to the community.  It is about co-creating spaces that reflect local needs while allowing communities to build climate resilience.”

Prioritizing Schools Based on Flood Exposure and Social Equity

The initial school selection process is based on three primary criteria:

  • High flood risk areas;
  • High need for playground or playground renovation; and
  • The Chicago Public Schools Equity Index. 

The city’s water department uses a geospatial approach to identify schools that are in locations with a high risk for basement flooding. The Chicago Public School Equity Index assesses school conditions, community conditions, and historical capital investment patterns to prioritize schools most in need of upgrades.

“Almost all the schoolyards that we have renovated are located on the south and west sides of Chicago,” noted Zhang. “Many of these communities have a legacy of redlining and disinvestment. When you overlay maps of historic redlining with tree canopy, heat vulnerability, and other health disparities, the patterns are striking. These are the communities that have been overlooked for too long and where intentional investment can make the greatest impact.” 

Redlining was a racist policy that prevented people of colour from obtaining mortgages based on neighbourhood value.  Although the practice has been illegal since 1968 in the United States, its legacy endures.  Residents living in redlined neighbourhoods today experience higher exposure to air, water, and noise pollution. Beyond redlining, other discriminatory housing policies and practices such as exclusionary zoning, inequitable code enforcement, and disinvestment continue to result in the lack of access to safe, healthy and affordable housing.

Once a school meets the initial eligibility criteria, it can apply to the Space to Grow program.  Final selection is based on flood risk, feasibility of schoolyard development, access to green spaces, socioeconomic factors, and school participation readiness for renovations. Three or four schools are selected each year.  It can cost between $1.5 – $4 million to transform a schoolyard.

Challenges and Lessons Learned

The Space to Grow program found that the maintenance and management of the transformed schoolyards was an initial challenge.  

Now, school caretakers are better trained on the maintenance needs once the renovations are completed.  Chicago Public Schools have also contracted firms with specialized training to steward the spaces.

Teachers receive professional development to orient them to the green spaces, to understand their benefits, and learn how they can use them in classes and after-school programming.  

“Through evaluation processes, school staff have reported increased job satisfaction because of transformed schoolyards,” said Zhang.  

The transformed schoolyards are also open to the community for use. The Space to Grow team has found that the schoolyards are generally treated with respect by the community.

“The best way to maintain these spaces over the long term is by involving the community in their development,” Zhang concluded. “When communities are empowered through community building, they feel ownership over their schoolyards and want to care for them.”

However, ongoing maintenance remains a challenge.  While community involvement fosters a sense of stewardship, school staff and partners have noted that clear roles, consistent resources, and dedicated funding streams are essential to keep the schoolyards vibrant and functional. Tasks like garden care, trash removal, and green stormwater infrastructure upkeep require coordination between the school district, individual schools, public agencies, and communities.  The Space to Grow partners continue to explore innovative models for shared maintenance – leveraging volunteer days, student engagement and interagency collaboration to sustain these vital green spaces over time.

Hamilton’s Equity-Based Heat Response Plan

KPerrotta -Spray Pool-Hamilton-July 2025

Heat in Hamilton

The City of Hamilton has developed an equity-based Community Heat Response Strategy to offer greater protection to those people in its community who are at greatest risk of harm from extreme heat.  

With human-fueled climate change, extreme heat is becoming a greater health concern for communities across Canada.  In Hamilton, which wraps around the western tip of Lake Ontario, the mean number of days over 30 degree C is on track to increase from 16.2 between 1976-2005 to 37.2 between 2021 and 2050.  (https://climateatlas.ca/)

Who is at greatest risk?

Everyone is at risk from heat-related illnesses and death from extreme heat, but some populations are at greater risk.  At-risk populations include older people, very young children, and those with pre-existing health conditions; outdoor workers, migrant workers, and those who live or work in urban heat islands without air conditioning; and those who live on low-income or are unhoused. 

Multi-Sectoral Collaboration  

Hamilton’s Community Heat Response Strategy is only one component of the city’s overall Climate Change Action Plan. This strategy is being led by Public Health Services, which is part of the Healthy and Safe Communities department within the City.  The strategy is being developed and implemented in collaboration with several other divisions and departments within the City including Housing Services, City Housing, Parks and Cemeteries, the City’s transit authority, Recreation, and the Hamilton Public Library. 

“One of the strengths of our strategy is that it has been developed with expertise and resources from so many departments. Opportunities that we may not have considered have been brought to the table by other departments along with the resources to implement them.”
Shelly Rogers
Project Manager, Air Quality and Climate Change with Public Health Services

The Community Heat Response Strategy includes 10 elements that are the responsibility of different departments within the City.  Several of those elements are common to Heat Alert and Response Systems (HARS) offered by public health agencies and/or municipalities across the country including: heat warnings, education, the provision of cool spaces for at-risk populations, and population surveillance for heat-related illnesses and calls for emergency services.

A few elements in Hamilton’s strategy go beyond those commonly included in HARS such as the expansion of the tree canopy and the installation of shade structures and misting stations in parks.  It also includes several innovative elements that are directed specifically at the health needs of at-risk populations:

  • Wellness Check-ins:

    Wellness check-ins are provided by the City’s paramedics for older adults and those with pre-existing health conditions who have enrolled for the Mobile Integrated Health Program.

  • Cool Kits:

    City staff and community organizations distribute Cool Kits to high-risk populations.  For housed people, Cool Kits include ice packs, reusable water bottles, cooling neckties, fridge magnets with health tips, thermometers, and information on the health impacts of extreme heat.  The Cool Kits for unhoused people include hats, sunglasses, sunscreen, reusable water bottles, and a list of cool spaces and locations to refill water bottles across the city.

  • Cooling Support: 

    In 2024, the City launched a pilot program to help low-income individuals with medical conditions that are aggravated by heat to stay cool at home.  Eligible residents could receive a one-time $350 subsidy per household to buy an energy-efficient air conditioner to cool one area of their homes.  

Originally, the program was only available to people receiving Social Assistance but the pilot has expanded eligibility to include anyone living below the Low Income Measure.  This program is budgeted to continue in 2025 with up to 50 eligible households being supported each year on a first-come, first-served basis.  This expanded support is in addition to the existing air conditioner program offered for Social Assistance recipients.

  • Adequate Temperature Bylaw: 

    At the request of City Council, City staff are developing an Adequate Temperature By-Law that may provide maximum temperatures for residential rental units within the city.

  • Transportation to Cool Spaces: 

    In 2024, 2000 bus tickets were allocated to at-risk populations to help them reach cool spaces during extreme heat events.  These tickets were distributed by City staff and community partners to unhoused and low-income populations in Cool Kits and through recreational centres across the city.

Community Engagement

The strategy has been informed and supported by a broad group of individuals and organizations from the community that represent or serve different at-risk populations within the city.  These community partners include groups such as ACORN that advocate on behalf of tenants, the Accessibility Committee for Persons with Disabilities, The Seniors Advisory Committee, Environment Hamilton, the YWCA, the Hamilton Community Legal Clinic, and the Hamilton and District Apartment Association.  

Community partners have been included in virtual meetings facilitated by Public Health Services along with staff from other departments.  This group of people, which is called the Extreme Heat Working Group, includes over 40 people.  These meetings have been used to provide updates from City staff, solicit advice from community members, and coordinate actions across City departments and community groups.  

“Community engagement has been crucial to the development and implementation of the strategy,” noted Rogers.  “Community members have offered fresh ideas and practical advice that is based on their lived experience or that of the people they serve.  The community groups have also brought resources and support to the table.  For example, they helped us distribute Cool Kits and health information to the at-risk populations that we are trying to reach.” 

Identified those at risk with geospatial tools 

Hamilton staff worked with the interactive mapping tool developed by Université Laval to identify the areas in the city that are home to high-risk populations.  They used socio-economic data related to factors such as age, income, and the type of dwelling, and environmental data such as surface temperature and vegetation in this mapping exercise.  The mapping tool identified Wards 2, 3, and 4, that border heavy industry on the south shore of Lake Ontario, as the neighbourhoods with the populations at greatest risk from extreme heat. (Figure from https://healthyplan.city/en)

“We have used the geospatial tool to: identify the neighbourhoods that should be prioritized for Cool Kits and educational resources; create maps that identify the location of cool spaces for at-risk populations; and evaluate our programs to see if they are reaching the neighbourhoods with the greatest need,” explained Rogers.

CANUE | Hamilton’s Equity-Based Heat Response PlanHamilton_HPC_ENG

Challenges and Lessons Learned:

“The toughest part of this process has been scoping it,” said Rogers. “There is so much that can and should be done to protect high-risk populations from extreme heat. But we knew if the scope was too broad, it would be easy to lose focus. So we have tried to identify actions that could make a big difference in peoples’ lives within the next 5 years.”
“Working across city departments has been extremely valuable,” offered Rogers. “The process has helped us to cultivate relationships with staff in other departments and to understand what the other departments do and how we can support one another.”
“We have also learned so much from the community engagement process” Rogers noted. “Once we began the process, people from the community were asking to be involved. They have been excited to have a voice on something that is so important to them and their community.”

Funding: There was no external funding for this work.  All of the funding came from the operational budgets of various departments across the City as well as the Climate Change Reserve.